Monthly e-Stamp Bulletin Edited by Jeevan Jyoti for free circulation among philatelists
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Mrs. Jeevan Jyoti, D.F.O. Residence, Chopal, Distt. Shimla (H.P.) PIN 171211.
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We will be celebrating our Independence Day on 15 August. Greetings to all Indians on Independence Day wherever they are……..
Dear Philatelist
In this issue some more news & articles from the world of Philately. As the world is moving with high pace and with the latest development in Science & Technology, we are coming across several new types of stamps created by using very high and sophisticated technology. But why the stamps of India are far behind in this race? We too can have world’s most beautiful stamps and FDCs. But it is possible only when the members of Philatelic Advisory committee pay attention to this idea and make it successful. It should be noted that the quality of cancellation and paper used for FDCs & Special covers is not upto the mark. The printing quality of the covers is very poor and sometimes the picture given on these covers is very dim and lack the quality required. India Post can take the services of Private organizations and companies to produce fine quality of covers. The number of stamps issued in India is quite big. If lesser number of stamps is issued the quality of the covers as well as stamps can be maintained. I hope the senior members of Philatelic Advisory Committee will consider the suggestion and do their best endeavor to make it possible very soon. With this hope I am sure you will enjoy this issue. My greetings to all Indians on Independence Day ! Till next month… Have a nice time...
….Jeevan Jyoti
Contents
§ Recent Indian Issues
§ In The News
§ Guest of the Month
§ Beginners’ Section
§ Specialized Section
§ Reader’s Right
§ New Issues from Other Countries
§ The Lighter Side
§ Blogs & Websites on Philately
§ Editor’s Mail box
§ Promotional Section
§ Current Philatelic Magazines – Newsletters- Auction Catalogues
Recent Indian Issues
· 30 June 2008 Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior- 500 P
· 11 July 2008 Joint Issue- Indo-China Se-tenant -2 x 1500 P
· 21 July 2008 14 Punjab (Nabha Akal) - 500 P
· 31 July 2008 Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi – 500 P
Forthcoming Proposed Issues
2 August : Aldabra Giant Tortoise, Set of 2 stamps + miniature sheet
8 August : Beijing Olympics, Set of 4 stamps + miniature sheet
15 August: Sardar Patel National Police Academy
12 October : 3rd Commonwealth Youth Games Pune, Set of 4 stamps
24 October : Pramatesh Barua
27 October : Year of Infantry
?October : Saint Jayadev, Set of 11 stamps
Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior
A commemorative postage stamp was issued to mark the golden jubilee of Madhav Institute of Technology and Science on June 30, 2008 at Gwalior. His Highness Sir Jiwaji Rao Scindia, Maharaja, erstwhile princely state of Gwalior established the Madhav Institute of Technology and Science in 1957 with the prime objective of providing Technical Education at undergraduate and post graduate levels along with conducting research activities. Dr Rajendra Prasad, the then President of India laid the foundation stone of the Institute on October 20, 1956 and Dr S Radhakrishnan, the then President of India inaugurated the building on December 11, 1964. The current president of the governing body is Jyotiraditya Scindia, who is also a Member of Parliament and the Minister of State for Communications & Information Technology.
India-China Joint Issue
India and China are two ancient civilizations endowed with rich histories and cultural heritages, which have had centuries, long intellectual exchanges. Buddhism played a central role in initiating the movement of people and ideas between the two countries. Many Chinese scholars visited India in the first millennium to study Buddhism and other subjects and also to collect Sanskrit documents with many of them spending a decade or more in India. Many Indian scholars went to china and worked there between the first century and the eleventh century. They were engaged in a variety of pursuits including Indians in China translating Sanskrit documents into Chinese (mostly Buddhist writings), as well as other activities, like the pursuit of mathematics and science. Several Indian mathematicians and astronomers held high positions in China’s scientific establishment.
The White Horse temple
The white horse Temple, established in A.D. 68 is located 12 kms east of the ancient capital city of Luoyang, Henan Province. It was in this temple that the first version of the Chinese Forty-two Sutras was produced, which was a work of translation done by the first Indian monks there. The monastery became a centre of Buddhist studies. Ever since, Buddhism exerted more and more influence on the life of the Chinese and spread as far as Japan, Korea and Vietnam. That is why the White Horse Temple is referred to as “the Founder’s Home” and “the cradle of Buddhism”. The two Indian monks She Moteng and Zhu Falan worked in the monastery till death and were buried to the east and west of the temple. The temple boasts of great antique architecture including the Hall of Heavenly Kings, Hall of the Great Buddha, Hall of Mahavira, Hall of Guidance and the Cool and Clear Terrace that are different parts of the temple housing different incarnations of Buddha amid magnificent decoration and architectural splendor.
The Mahabodhi Temple
The Mahabodhi Temple is built in a place where Siddhartha or Gautama obtained enlightenment or Bodhi, and became the Buddha…the Enlightened One. The temple is in Bodhgaya, District Gaya, in the state of Bihar in Eastern Indian. Bodhgaya has grown on the banks of the Lilajan (ancient Nairanjana) river near the ancient village of Uruvela. The Mahabodhi Temple has soaring pyramidal spire, 54 meters (177 feet) high, is carved in tiers and capped by an umbrella like finial. The gateway to the temple is made of granite and is covered with inscriptions from Buddha’s teaching. The temple is enclosed on three sides by a 1st century B.C. stone railing carved with lotus medallions and scenes from Buddha’s life. Inside the temple sits a large gilded statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in earth touching Mudra and is facing east exactly at the place where the Buddha, sitting in meditation with his back to the Bodhi Tree, was enlightened. The Temple (Vajrasana-brihadha-gandha-kuti) underwent several stages of repair and renovation but utmost care has been taken to maintain the original pattern.
14 Punjab (Nabha Akal)A commemorative postage stamp was issued by India Post in the denomination of Rs 5 on Jul 21, 2008 on completion of 250 years of the 14 Battalion of Punjab Regiment of the Indian Army. This battalion was formed by the ruler of Nabha. These forces fought against Mughal armies to help Guru Gobind Singh. Hamir Singh, the then ruler, formed a regular brigade group out of these forces in 1757. The 1st and 2nd battalions were named 1st and 2nd Nabha Akal Infantry. Maharaja Hira Singh reorganized the Nabha Brigade and in 1878 and Nabha Akal Infantry was named Hira Bera. It was once again renamed 1st Nabha Akal Infantry in 1889. The Nabha Contingent was reorganized as Imperial Service Troops. The 1st Nabha Akal Infantry saw action in Basra in April 1918 during World War 1. The battalion was called upon to proceed on active service for the British Crown against General Nadir Khan of East Persia in 1919. The battalion took active part in operations during World War 2 and came out as victors of Italian campaign. After the independence of India the unit was integrated with Indian Army in 1951. It was designated as 14 Battalion (Nabha Akal) of Punjab Regiment on January 26, 1954. The battalion took part in action in Fazilka in 1965 war and in Bangladesh in 1971 war. The battalion carried out counter insurgency operations in North East Frontier Area in 1974-1976 and in Manipur in 1998-2000. The battalion was part of United Nations Peace Keeping Force UNAVEM III in 1995-1996. It has recently returned victorious from Jammu & Kashmir where it was deployed.
Damodar Dharmananda KosambiA commemrative stamp was issued on Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi on 31 July 2008 by India Post.Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi was Mathematician, statistician and Sanskritist, who contributed in genetics by introducing Kosambi’s Map function. He was well known for his work in Numismatics and for compiling critical editions of some ancient Sanskrit texts. He obtained the post of professor at the Banaras Hindu University (BHU). He taught German along with Mathematics. He published his first research paper, "Precessions of an Elliptic Orbit" in the Indian Journal of Physics in 1930. In 1933, he joined the Deccan Education Society’s Fergusson College in Pune, where he taught mathematics for the next 12 years. Pune, while teaching mathematics and conducting research in the field, he started his interdisciplinary pursuit. In 1944 he published a small article of 4 pages titled ‘The Estimation of Map Distance from Recombination Values’ in Annals of Eugenics, in which he introduced what later came to be known as Kosambi's Map Function. One of the most important contributions of Kosambi to statistics is the widely known technique called Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). Although it was originally developed by Kosambi in 1943, it is now referred to as the Karhunen-Loeve expansion. In the 1943 paper entitled 'Statistics in Function Space' presented in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society, Kosambi presented the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition some years before Karhunen (1945) and Loeve (1948). This tool has found application to such diverse field as image processing, signal processing, data compression, oceanography, chemical engineering and fluid mechanics. Unfortunately this most important contribution of his is barely acknowledged in most papers that utilize the POD method. In recent years though, it is heartening to note that some authors have indeed referred to it as the Kosambi-Karhunen-Loeve decomposition. In 1945, Homi J. Bhabha invited Kosambi to join the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) as Professor of Mathematics, which he accepted. After independence, in 1948-49 he was sent to England and the US as a UNESCO Fellow to study the theoretical and technical aspects of the computer. During this time, he was a guest professor of geometry at the Chicago University. On June 29, 1966, he died in Pune. He was posthumously decorated with “Hari Om Ashram” Award by the Government of India’s University Grants Commission in 1980.
NEW POSTAL STATIONERY
New Meghdoot Post cards Anti Tobacco (In Hindi, Bengali & Telgu)
National Tobacco Control Program, (In Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi & Punjabi)
Integrated Novel Development In Rural Areas & Model Municipal Areas (Telgu)
Inland Letter
With advertisement in Gujarati on Hallmark Jewellery
Special Cover/ Postmark/Stamp Booklet
1 July : New Delhi, Special Cover- The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India Diamond Jubilee
6 July 2008 : Shimla, Special Cover -125 Years of Shimla General Post Office Building
26 July 2008 : Hero of Batalik - Major Saravanan Vir Chakra Winner by Trichy Postal Circle of India Post
RAKHI ENVELOPES
India Post introduced 3 new designs of envelopes for Rakhi festival. This is an all India issue, priced at Rs 5 each and is made of DuPont’s Tyvec material that was first used in 2006.
In The News
The Fastest Stamp Ever
Austria Post has become the fastest stamp producing Postal Administration in the world and its name would soon appear in Guinness Book of World Records in producing the fastest stamp ever! On 30 June 2008 at 41 minutes after midnight, the first stamp sheet featuring the new European football champion was sold at Philately Shop on Käntner Straße.The stamps were ready for sale at the shop after just two hours and 5 minutes! Every body was delighted, not just Spanish football fans! Here is the sheet for you to view!!
A 3-D Miniature Sheet by Austria - Three-Dimensional Venus
After the fastest stamp one more feather is going to be added in the cap of Austrian Post as a three-dimensional "Venus of Willendorf" will appear on a miniature sheet to be issued on 8 August 2008. . She is merely 11 centimeters high and approximately 25,000 years old: the famous "Venus of Willendorf", found in the village of Willendorf located in the Wachau region. 7 August 2008 is the 100th anniversary of the discovery of the "Venus of Willendorf". Austrian Post is honoring this very special occasion with a unique stamp. For the first time ever, a three-dimensional stamp has been produced. Thanks to this new three-dimensional miniature sheet by Austrian Post, one of Austria's most important archaeological discoveries comes to life and takes centre stage. As many as 80 (!) individual photos have been used for this picture, which required a precise production process, maximum concentration, a lot of experience and an important amount of equipment. The 3-D image can be viewed at website of Austria Post.
125 Years of Shimla GPO Building
On July 6, 2008, a special cover was released by H.P. Postal Circle, Shimla on '125 years of Shimla GPO Building'. It is a very special place in Shimla. As Shimla is known all over the world as a famous and beautiful hill station. Besides its natural beauty it has many important historical places too, being the summer capital of British in the past.
History of Shimla GPO
The General Post Office, situated on the Mall Shimla, is one of the oldest Post Offices in the country. The building known as Conny Cottage was purchased from Mr. Peterson, Manager of the Shimla Bank in 1883. Mr. F. Dalton is believed to have been the first Postmaster. Mr. L.G. Pigott was the last English Postmaster till December 1946. Mr. A.K. Hazari became the first Postmaster of Indian origin on 01.01.1947. The three - storeyed, mainly wooden, structure is a nice example of English hill architecture. Prior to acquisition for the Post Office, the building had some exclusive shops of some European tailors like Engelbad & Co. and the Coutts & Co. Some portion of the building, damaged by fire in the year 1972, was renovated, maintaining the original facade. In the year1992, the GPO was declared as one of the Heritage Post Office Buildings in the country.
UK-China Joint Olympic Issue
Royal Mail and China Post will issue a joint commemorative M/s making the moment memorable when the Olympic Flag is handed over from Beijing to London. The M/s titled ‘Olympic Games – Handover of the Olympic Flag from Beijing to London’ will be issued on August 22, two days before the closing ceremony when Olympic Flag will pass from one ancient city to another. It features four landmarks of the cities- two stamps with ancient towers together with two modern iconic steel buildings.
Charity Stamps by China – Earthquake Appeal
The death toll from the May 12 earthquake in Sichuan Province China is officially around 70,000 and continues to climb. Special stamps to help raise more funds for earthquake victims have recently gone in China. All proceeds will be donated to the disaster areas. The Stamp featuring 3 interlocking hearts on a red background issued by China sells for Y1.20 + Y1. It is the seventh in China to be issued as a form of community donation or charity issue and is the second released to help fight disasters.
Olympex 2008
Dinesh Chandra Sharma of Lucknow is National Commissioner for India for Olympex 2008, China
Exhibit on Birds
Our distinguished member Capt. Vijay Wadhwa of Ahmedabad has prepared an exhibit on birds which can be viewed by clicking following link. Capt. Vijay Wadha was the Winner of CPMG’S Rolling Trophy at GUJPEX2007.
http://picasaweb.google.com/Vicks552000/CURIOUSBEAKSAPHILATELICDELIGHT
Stamp Shows
Aug 1-3: Coimbatore, Coin & Stamps Show
Aug 8-10: Puduchery, Coin & Stamps Show
Aug 15-17: Bangalore, Coin & Stamps Show
Sep 12-14: Mysore, Coin & Stamps Show
Guest of the Month
Mr. Varad Dhaky is a well known philatelist of Gujarat. He has participated in different philatelic exhibitions. He was awarded a Vermeil medal in GUJPEX-94, Ahmedabad for his exhibit ‘Fiscal & Revenue Stamps of The Princely State and a Silver medal for the display of Court Fee & Revenue stamps of The Princely State of Gujarat at CENTIPEX-97 at Mumbai. He has also prepared a collection on Novelty Stamps of the World and won awards for this exhibit at different exhibitions. Mr. Dhaky is also General Secretary of Gujarat Philatelists’ Association, Ahmedabad. I am highly indebted to all the philatelists of Gujarat for their valuable contribution, support and appreciation to my both Philatelic Rainbows. It’s a pleasure for me to present here a very interesting article by our guest Mr. Varad Dhaky on unusual and unique stamps issued by different postal administrations. I hope the readers will really enjoy it. – Editor
THE FASCINATING WORLD OF PHILATELY - V. P. Dhaky
INTRODUCTION: One of the interesting topics in the philately is to collect Postal Stamps on various themes. Out of' that one is to collect - 'Novelty Stamps' , which means to enter in the world of unusual, amazing and fascinating postage stamps, issued by the Govt. of various countries.
It is better to know first, the definition of Novelty Stamp. We know that generally postage stamps are issued in standard shapes either in Rectangular or Square. When stamps having shape other than those regular-ones, and also when printed on materials, other than paper, they are termed as 'Novelty Stamps'.
Wood & Cork Stamp
One has rightly said that the thematic or topical collection is the top gear of the philatelic wheel, greased with the fluid of stamps. At this stage, it is interesting to know that the first thematic article was written by Mr. H. H. Higgs, way back in June 1863 and first thematic collection was exhibited in Great Britain during the year 1908. Now-a-days, about 9000 stamps are issued annually offering diverse themes, as per the Prot: V. K. Gupta's book ‘Thematic Philately'.
Stamp in shape of Football on material used to manufacture footballs for Euro - 2008Earlier, novelty stamps were mostly issued by small countries like Bhutan, Burundi. Kenya, Malta, Nepal. Norfolk Island, Qatar, San Marino, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Tanzania, Tonga etc., to get recognition in the International Market. Now looking to its increasing popularity other countries like, Canada, New Zealand, U.K., U.S.A., etc., have also joined in this trend.
CLASSIFICATION: To make the subject more comprehensive and effective, we many classify these stamps into four broad categories as below:
Shapes: a) Different geometrical shapes such as - Round, Oval, Triangle, Pentagonal, Octagonal and Oblong, etc.
b) Objective shapes such as stamps are in the shape of different - Animals, Birds, Butterflies, Books, Flags, Flowers, Fruits. Football, Jewel Box, Maps,
Medals, Watches, etc.
Types: Size- wise like: Smaller, Larger, Bigger, Se-tenant, Triptych, Bantam and Self adhesive, Do-it – yourself, Personalized Stamp, Perforation varieties, etc. types.
Printing Process: Stamps can become more & more 'Fancy' and 'Attractive' when various types of printing process are used. Hence, Govt. of many countries also place printing orders of stamps to some private organizations for better results and fast delivery, while using latest technology, techniques and skill.
Materials: Thin sheets / Foils of metal like Aluminum, Copper, Steel, silver, Gold etc. including other materials like Cotton, Viscose / Silk Fabric, beads, Wooden-sheet is used to print the stamps, as an additional attraction.
Now, we may study specifically the above categories with more details:
Different Shapes: The history of such stamps begins from India itself. The first such stamps were embossed Round on red colored wafer with the inscription 'Scinde District Dawk ' in 1852. This was designed by Capt. H. L.Thuiller, when Sir Bartle Frere was the Commissioner for that district in India. Thereafter Indian Princely State 'Dhrangadhra' has issued circular designed embossed Fiscal stamp in 1885. In modem times Kuwait has issued 'Circular' stamp in the year 1970. Like wise, first 'Triangular' stamp of Cape of Good Hope of Africa issued in 1853, with a belief that abnormal shape would facilitate the sorting of mail by the semi-literal native employees of the post office to the distinguish inland and overseas mail. Thereafter, 'Square' stamp by Costa Rice and Denmark, 'Diamond' shape by Nova Scotia in 1851, ‘Oval’ shape by Austria in 1861; 'Pentagonal' shape for Christmas set by Malta. ‘Hexagonal’ shape by British Guyana in 1856 and by Belgium in 1866, 'Octagonal’ Shape by Columbia in 1859 and by Thessaly in 1898 and such galaxy of various shapes issued by Sierra Leone, Bhutan, Tonga, etc. followed at a later stage.
Different Types: The 'Smallest' stamps were issued by Colombian Department of Bolivar during I 863-66 with size 8 x 9.5mm. The 'Largest' stamps were issued by China for the use on Express Letters during 1905-12 of size 210 x 65mm. They were issued imperforate but divided by roulette into 4 parts. The 1st part served as counter foil, the 2nd part was signed by the addressee and to be returned to the post office by the postman, 3rd part for who was paid for this service against the delivery and 4th was given to the sender as a receipt. The Arab Sheikdom country Fujeria issued 'Biggest' stamp in 1972, to honor Apollo Moon landing, in size of'81 x 147mm. The America has also issued one of the largest stamps in 1865 for Newspaper in the size 51x 95mm. The largest British stamp was of London International Philatelic Exhibition held in 1980 with the size of 39 x 55mm. In 1964, Sharjah issued 'Triptych' type of stamp on New York World Fair with centre stamp of 1 Rial in size of 89 x 48mm. In 1942, South Africa reduced the size of its entire low value definitive stamp series during the time of World War-II, as an economy measure, which is known as 'Bantams'.As per recent trend, the 'Self-adhesive' stamps started issuing by Canada, France, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and U.S.A. On other hand, some countries like Finland, Netherlands, Spain, and Britain have issued stamps with many varieties in 'Perforation' instead of normal perforation or imperforation. Where countries like Germany. Spain, Singapore issued 'Frames' (Franking Machine Label) stamps, in which background picture remains same, but value is changeable. Some countries like Germany, Turkey. U.S.A., and Zambia etc., offers 'No-value' stamp means value is not appearing on the stamps, which are meant for various local usages. 'DIY' (do-it-yourself) type are recently issued by Netherlands and Canada where ornamental frame with value is there, but middle portion of stamps leaves blank, where one can peel and fix in that space a various self adhesive pre-prepared labels of that particular size, printed with some messages like 'Greetings', 'Happy Birth Day', 'Thank You', "Happy Christmas', 'Get Well Soon' etc. are readily available with DIY stamps, thus the stamp can act as a messenger, to express your personal sentiments and feelings at various occasions. Recent development in this fascinating world of stamps is the 'Personalized Stamps' where your own choice photograph can be scanned by computer by the authority and can be seen with the stamp and that can be used as a postage stamp. This novel idea is highly commercial and popular.
Different Process: Here, it is worthwhile to have some idea about various printing methods and processing techniques used for the making novelty stamps, such as - Photo Offset, Photogravure, Hot stamping Genuine, Holograms, Special Varnish & Embossing Process, Thermograph Process, Stochastic Screen Process, Even mix techniques such as Taille-Douce, Hologram, Thermo gravure and Offset Tramic Aleatoire. Darure Gal bee (or 22 carat Gold) stamp making Process, Perfume inject, Offset Gold, Die-cutting, Offset lithography with holographic foil, etc various types of process conducted, to make the stamp beautiful to most beautiful piece of an art.
Different types of Materials used for Stamps: Few such type of notable stamps are described herewith: Bhutan has introduced 'Steel' foil stamps in year 1969, to celebrate 5000 years of history of Steel making Industry. In 1976, Pakistan has issued stamp on 'Gold' foil contains 25mg. gold of 23/24 carat, on birth centenary of Mr. Jinnha. In 1996, Bhutan also joins issuing gold foil stamp of 22 carat, to celebrate centenary of' the 'Penny Black' stamp of Great Britain. In 2000, the Palestinian Authority issued booklet, which contains three stamps of 22 carat gold, to celebrate the event of Jesus who was born 2000 years ago in Bethlehem - Palestine, printed by Cartor Security Printing, France. Many other countries like Guinea-Equatorial, Central Africa, Libya, Pitcairn Island etc., issued such type of Gold & Silver foil stamp on various subjects to commemorate the events. Since 1991, postage stamps as well as Postal Stationeries, mainly, Aerogramme printed with 'Holograms' sticker with Prismatic effect, issued by Poland, Singapore, Thailand and Bhutan. In 1967, the 'Plastic' used as a material for printing to bring out various types of stamp of 2-D and 3D effects including ‘Embossed plastic’ stamps were issued by Bhutan, DDR Korea, Yemen, Umm-AI-Quiwain. In 1973, 'Talking / Singing' stamps issued in a set of 7 Polyester Records, by Bhutan, this can actually play with their National Anthem, folk Music & Songs plus speech on Bhutan History, in English as well as in their local Bhutanese language. In 1969, Bhutan has issued a set of Stamps printed on 'Silk' fabric on Buddhism, including Souvenir Sheet.
In the Series of such novelty stamps, the world's first 'Embroidery' stamp is issued on 7.2.2001, to commemorate the event of the "Swiss National Philatelic Exhibition, NABA-2000" by Helvetia (Swiss) Post. It has a giant size of 59 x 48 mm with a denomination of 5.00 Euro, which was the current rate for a domestic registered letter. The embroidery stamp has been designed by Mr. Peter Hostettler of Bischoff Textile AG of St. Gallen, Switzerland. For the embroidery work a glossy Satin Polyester fabric has been used and the actual embroidery work on this material is in two shades of Blue colour. Thereafter, Austria has issued the Embroidery stamp of 3.75 Euro, on 19.7.2005.
In 1985, the Djibouti (Africa) has issued an Airmail stamp on a Souvenir Sheet, which was printed on 'Wooden Sheet'. In 1973, Bhutan has issued a set of six stamps of Roses on 'Scented' impregnated Paper and thereafter just few years back the Norfolk Island issued five different 'Perfumed' stamps and one perfumed miniature sheet and Russia has issued series of stamps on various Fruits, which you can smell it with their original fragrance. Recently, India has also joined with this trends and issued perfumed stamps series with a smell of sandal, rose and jasmine, in the year 2007/08. Austria has issued Diamond studded two stamps with M/s on 08.11.2004 of the denomination of 3.75 Euro each, to commemorate the cooperation between the Swarovski and Austrian Post. Russia in the year 2003 issued the Powder Coated stamp M/s of 50 Rubble, representing the Davis Cup issued on the occasion of victory of Russia, in loan tennis tournament, has been embossed and hot stamped with genuine 99.9% pure silver. In addition to that the powder displayed on the image of the tennis court on M/s portion, which was actual CLAY surface of the court which was used during the competition and was reduced to powder. Further to this trend, Thailand has also issued four stamps & M/s with Rock Powder coated stamps as well as M/s, in the year 2007 and many more countries joining this trend and in issuing such type of fantastic, amazing, fibulas and mind blowing varieties of stamps, very often. This is……………. how fascinating world of philately is!!
This article provides only introductory information. The scopes for collecting such types of stamps are very wide and open. Each passing day a new country is joining in this trend of issuing novelty stamps. It is to be understood that one can't treat this type of meaningful and refreshing collection as toy-collection. It has its own value but requires a deep study in all aspects. This is rather the only type of collection, which can provide you fresh air breathing, brakes monotony and act as booster to preserve the philatelic interest as a whole. So enjoy the thrills and do enter in the world of fascinating philately and find out many more novelty stamps, in days to come.
Beginners’ section
I have received a mail from a Reader Dr. Kamal from Maharashtra asking some questions regarding the display of philatelic collection in an exhibition. I am giving answers in brief. This will be useful for new collectors - Editor
(1) Type of Page to be used?
Ans. Plain white or off white page
(2) Size of page?
Ans. A4 Size
(3) Can we display mint and used stamps in same exhibit?
Ans. Yes but on different pages.
(4) Any limitation on no. of page to exhibit?
Ans. One Frame contains 16 exhibit sheets. The size depends on the number of frames allotted to you in the exhibition for display. Normally exhibits are prepared from One Frame to 8 Frames depending upon the class of the exhibit.
(5) In One page with details, on average one can not exhibit more than 7 - 8 stamps or , 1 fdc + 3 - 4 stamps, to make an exhibit of 1500 items it will require to make around 180 - 200 pages exhibit ?
Ans. You will have to limit your items. The whole collection is not displayed, only the selected and best ones are mounted on exhibit sheets to be displayed in exhibition.
(6) What are the important things to take care while making an exhibit?
Ans. Take any subject or branch of philately but display in a planned form using uniformity and continuity. Don’t miss to make a plan page with introduction before starting mounting work. In brief, you have to prepare a book of your collection with contents and sub headings. For more details you must join a philatelic society of your area. You will get best guidance from other local philatelists of the society who have already taken part in the exhibition. Here is a Plan Page of a One Frame Exhibit on Environment.
(7) Does CTO decrease the over all image of exhibit?
Ans. Yes, CTOs (Cancelled to Order) are not regarded as good items for display. However you may keep them in your collection for your own pleasure.
Specialized Section
Flowers are for wrapping in cellophane to present as a bouquet; Flowers are for prize arrangements in vase and silver tea-pots; Flowers are for plaiting into funeral wreaths. But indeed, a flower is a lovely thing that attracts everyone and the Rose is hot favorite of all specially the lovers all over the world. In the series of articles by Dr. Satyendra Kumar Agrawal, here is another on the most ancient garden rose- Rosa gallica. The name of Dr. Agrawal needs no introduction as his name is synonymous with Roses. His deep study on the various issues of Roses by different Postal Administrations of the world has given a big contribution to Rose Philately in the form of his magnificent exhibit as well as a number of comprehensive articles on the theme of Rose. I remember a line on Roses – The rose of all the world is not for me I want for my part, Only the little White Rose of Scotland, That smells sharp and sweet- and breaks the heart.- by Hugh MacDiarmid (The Little White Rose) With these beautiful lines I hope this article will be liked by all philatelists and the lovers of Roses. –Editor
ROSA GALLICA: The Most Ancient Garden ROSE
-© Dr. Satyendra Kumar Agrawal rosephila@hotmail.com
For years authors, botanist and other horticultural & historical experts have persisted in trying to identify precisely the roses of the ancients, and there is agreement on several types. Certainly present in the gardens and cultivations of the Greeks and Romans were the Rosa gallica represented by its semi double form, Rosa gallica officinalis, the red rose par excellence and perhaps the most ancient. It grew wild in central Asia and was first cultivated by the ancient Persians and Egyptians, and later adopted by the Greeks and the Romans. The Romans introduced it in Gaul (later to become France) where it assumed the name Rosa gallica (Hungary Scott 2240).
The history of the Gallicas is very much akin to the whole story of the genus Rosa. Its origin lost in the mists of time and as the main ancestor of our Modern rose it would take many pages to even summarize the theories and suppositions of botanical historians. The oldest paintings of roses “Fresco with Blue Bird” were found in Knossos, Crete which dates back to 1600 BC during an excavation carried out by a British archaeologist, Sir Arthur Evans in 1900 ( GB Booklet 1985). There are a number of roses painted on the fresco, surrounding a Blue Bird, some with six petals which have a yellowish tinge, and one much fainter, pink rose which appears to have only five petals with strong veining on them. This feature is a distinctive characteristic of Gallica roses.
It was also the religious emblem of Medes and Persians of 1200 BC. Pliny the Elder (AD 23-79) - a Roman author born in Cairo, whose “Natural History” is a repertory of ancient botanical and zoological knowledge also described Rosa gallica as a vivid rose which was known as “Apothecarius” and grown at Praeneste. Apothecarius rose means the rose of a herbalist who prepares drugs from herbs (Canada Scott 1060). His nephew, Pliny the Younger (Italy Scott 835) (AD 62-113), was a keen rose lover and laid out a well planned garden with “inward circular walks perfumed with Gallica roses “.
Not much is known about the rose prior to the 7th century when Islam swept through the area and zealots destroyed much of the texts of that time. Persian legends maintain that the rose’s red coloration came about because a nightingale so dearly loved the white rose, grasped it tightly and the thorns pierced its breast, its blood turned the white rose red. Hence the rose was called The Red Damask. With the fall of the ancient world, and through the long, dark middle Ages, medicinal herbs, flowers and plants found asylum in the cloisters of monasteries and imperial gardens. This ancient rose is recorded as being in cultivation in the 800’s.It was used as a medicine and perfume in the court of Charlemagne (Germany Scott B671 in the 9th c AD.
After the year 1000, Albert the Great mentions the Gallica roses. Crescentiur also speaks of this. The Arab doctor Avicenna (Jordan Scott 678) confirms for us that in Syria vast expanses of land were dedicated to its cultivation. The rose came to Europe, depending upon whose text we read, either in the 12th or 13th century. Everyone agrees, however, it came via noble knights returning from the Crusades. Rose reached to King Louis VII after the second Crusade in Syria. From here it made its way to King Henry II. Henry had married Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, but had done so probably out of need to solidify the kingdom. As it sometimes happens. Henry had a mistress named Jane Clifford later renamed (according to legend) The Fair Rosamond. Queen Eleanor got wind of this affair, concocted a poison to give her husband’s mistress, and disguised the deadly potion with the oil of the Apothecary’s Rose and R.alba. After Rosamond’s death, so the legend goes, a new rose sprouted outside the castle – one of both red and white stripes – called Rosa mundi ( GB Scott 788) means either “ Rose of the World “ or “ Rosamund’s” To this day R.mundi a genetic “sport” of the Apothecary’s Rose , will sometime reverts to its original heritage.
The red colour of Gallica roses represented the blood of Christian martyrs. Its petals were rolled into beads, then stung into what became the rosary Timor Scott 304) and from which the rosary received its name. It was also approved by the Pope in 1216 as rosary to be used in religious rituals.
By the 14th century roses were widely cultivated once again and were used for personal adornment, cosmetics and in cooking. The roses whose fragrance could be harnessed were intensely cultivated, and their products became big business. The Rosa gallica officinalis (Syria Scott 874) more popularly known as Apothecary’s Rose was valuable for its scent of a more enduring character, for the petals seem to yield more of it when dried than they do when on the plant; it was used for medicine as well as to flavor food. The town of Provins, some 40 miles from Paris, based its economy upon it, and the market for sachets, conserves and medicines prepared from Apothecary’s Roses, grew so much by AD 1600 the high street was lined with rose shops on both sides. Sales would increase in time of plague, because scent in the air was thought to prevent the sickness. Provins became the European capital for the Apothecary’s Roses and it was renamed “The Rose of Provins “. It was also planted outside the entrance to symbolize a druggist shop.
In the Renaissance art of the 15th and 16th centuries, it was one of the two most often painted roses – Rosa alba being the other. “The Wilton Diptych “is one of the treasures of early Gothic paintings ( Turks & Caicos Is Scott 245). It was painted as a portable altarpiece for the private devotion of King Richard II by an unknown Anglo-French artist of 14th century. On the inside; Richard II is presented by three saints to the Virgin and Child and a company of eleven angels. The pink roses on the heads of the angels and scattered on the ground are Rosa gallica.
The Virgin Mary was hymned as “This Rose of grace” and appeared with roses in countless work of art. Stefan Lochaner’s “Madonna of the Rose Bush” C1440 depicted on an issue of Cameroon Scott c194, is a beautiful example of decoration and symbolic representation of roses in early Gothic paintings. Here Madonna is sitting in a background decorated with Red Roses being Rosa gallica. In an another painting by Martin Shongauer, the most famous artist in Germany of his days, “ Madonna in the Rose Garden “ c1473 featured on an issue of Dahomey Scott C253 displays the beautifully decorated background with red Gallicas and white Alba roses.
Gallica rose is also part of the story of the War of the Roses ( GB 2008), one of the most brutal wars in England lasted for 30 years between 1455 and 1485.Rosa gallica officinalis had become the symbol of the House of Lancaster (and renamed The Red Rose of Lancaster); and white Rosa alba ,of the House of York. The two warring factions of war were united by the marriage of Henry Tudor Isle of Man Scott 1000) and Elizabeth of York ( Isle of Man Scott 1005); the two roses were combined to form the Red & White Tudor Rose ( GB ,England Scott 5) which remains a symbol of royalty to this time.In more modern times in France and Flanders, during the 1914/18 War and in the Campaign in Belgium and France 1939/40, the 55th (West Lancashire) Territorial Division wore the Lancaster Rose on their shoulder flashes as their Divisional Sign and had the motto "They win or die, who wear the Rose of Lancaster". It is said in Graham Thomas’s book “Old Roses “that as early as 1629, an English botanist named John Parkinson had listed twelve varieties known to them at that time. It is well known that by the 1800 there were well over 1000 varieties of Gallica roses in catalogue across Europe and Asia.
The Empress Josephine, discarded wife of Napoleon I knew always superbly beautiful Gallica rose and collected its hybrids in her famous rose garden at Malmasion during 19th century. It is said to have grown over 160 varieties in this garden. Her officially appointed painter, “Raphael of the Flowers”, Pierre Joseph Redoute made several of the paintings of Gallica roses and its hybrids published in his best known work “Les Roses” .
Gallica roses are tough spreading shrubs thriving under the poorest conditions but not in shade. Solitary, upheld, very double richly fragrant blooms in exotic hues of crimson, purple and maroon. Some of its varieties featured on stamps are Charles de Mills (Marshall Is Scott 729e), Tuscany Superb (Marshall Is Scott 729b), Rosa gallica purpurea velutina (Cuba Scott 2281), Rosa gallica versicolor popularly known as “Rosa mundi” (GB Scott 788), and many more may be explored. In short, cultivated roses can be conveniently dealt with under two groups: those in cultivation before 1800 and those after. In the earlier period, all the European garden roses could be placed in the section Gallicanae, all being descended from the so called French rose – Rosa gallica and the second group was the result of crossing of Rosa gallica with R. moschata, the Musk rose or another species of this group. It has been suggested that their fragrance is a characteristic reproduced in their descendents among which may be counted the Damask Rose.
The crimson reds and deep pinks of our modern Roses are probably a legacy from a Rosa gallica ancestor. In 2004, a cultivar of the Gallica Group named “Cardinal de Richelieu “was genetically engineered to produce the first Blue Rose.
Note- This article or any part of it cannot be used or published without the permission of the author.
Reader’s Right
Editor’s note- The aim of this stamp newsletter is to provide instant information and facts on philately to the readers and not to hurt anyone’s feelings. A new column Reader’s Right has been started from April issue. Readers may express their views, anguish and resentment through this column on philately. The platform is not used for any vested interest to cause derogatory to philately. When writing your views be sure that it should be related to philately only. It should not be used to express personal feelings between persons or groups in any manner. Please send your postal address and Ph. No. and if possible a photo too when writing on any controversial issue.
Our reader Mr. Prakash Mody is continuously making request by writing to postal administrations of Canada and UK to issue a postage stamp on the most famous Indian festival Diwali. Here is a reply from Royal mail in response to his request. I am giving the contents of the letter which may be interesting for the readers.
The Diwali festival has been considered by Royal mail. The business receives approximately 2000 suggestions for the special stamp programme each year. As we can only accommodate 12-13 issues a year, many are disappointed and we are unable to accommodate all suggestions. There are other ways of making your anniversary such as Smiles R or a special handstamp. Smiles R allow you to create customized stamps by providing an image of your choice to genuine Royal Mail Stamps on a sheet ( this service is available for individual consumers as well as business customized version for organization requiring a large number of stamps. A special handstamp is a way of publicizing or celebrating any special event, enabling you to design a postmark of your choice and to have stamps cancelled with this on envelopes. The details are available on www.royalmail.com/customised
FROM PIN CODE TO PAL CODE
India Post is considering a proposal involving a new concept of postal code for the country to improve sorting and delivery of mails. The new code is tentatively named Personal Address Locator Code or PAL Code. Currently six-digit Postal Index Number or PIN Code is used in India that was introduced 36 years ago in 1972. The PIN Code is a static code and has been found to be inadequate in meeting the challenges of today's mail movement and for future growth. India Post has made available a 50 page presentation as pdf file on its website http://www.indiapost.gov.in/ for download and invite your views on this proposal. Please mail your views to Brigadier Y P S Mohan, VSM, Deputy Director General (P O, I & MM) deputydgpoi@gmail.com by August 4, 2008. The final decision in this regard will be taken by the competent authority only after examining the views of stake holders and weighing various pros and cons.
In response to above Mr. Prakash Mody had correspondence with Brig. Mohan. I am giving here the correspondence between them which will be useful for the readers.
Dear Brig. Mohanji,
I have gone through the 50-page presentation and congratulate for the very good new method for faster and better services.
I have two concerns:
A. India has many languages and mails will be in these several languages. You may be considering that every mail would have numerals in Devnagri script that will be machine readable.
In practical reality, is this feasible?
Some clarification about 'language' would be helpful.
B. Use of 8 and 12 digits of numerals is not easy and practical without several percentages (my guess is about 1/3!) of errors or mistakes. In such situation, what other alternative info can resolve the matter.
More mails will have to be handled by "Dead Letter P. O." or "Returned to the Sender" will be too high.
This is an extra 'time-cost-efforts' to everyone, sender, receiver and the postal admin.
While other minor details may be worked out later, the above two basic issues are not referred in the proposal.
I would appreciate your response.
Prakash Mody,
Email: 4prakash@gmail.com
37 Tuscarora Drive, Toronto, ON, M2H 2K4, Canada
From: DDG Postal Operations and Inspections
To: Prakash Mody
Sent: Sunday, July 27, 2008 12:59 AM
Subject: Re: FROM PIN CODE TO PAL CODE
Dear Mr Mody,
Thanks for your interest in India Post Code from the land of lakes. Let me try to answer your queries.The language of PAL will be the universally used Arabic numerals only which is used by you in the email. This is what is used in PIN Code too and there are no problems in that.The usage of PAL is expected to be near 100% in a short time. This expectation is based on the following factors:1- PAL Code will be easily searched on the net. If one wants to find out PAL Code of a village in Raj Kot Distt in Gujarat, all one has to do is visit India Post Web Site - Click on Gujarat in the drop down menu - Click on Rajkot in the next menu and then click on the village he is searching. All will be alphabetically arranged. So one easily gets the code.For those who do not have access to the web, as mentioned in the presentation, they can use copy of newspaper Ad as a wall calendar and use at least upto Distt Code. Rest will be code stamped by the Post Office. No letter will ever go to RLO.Remembering 12 Digit Code may seem difficult but when you divide it into three sub sets of 4 digits , it becomes easy. Like Country Code for Rajkot may be 2091; State Code 2307; and village code 6123. All one has to do is join the three sub sets and you get the complete code 2091-2307-6123.RegardsBrig Mohan
New Issues from other countries
Austria
30 June 2008 Euro 2008 (World’s fastest stamp produced in 2 hours 5 mts.)
5 August 2008 Mail Box - 65
8 August 2008 3-D Miniature Sheet on Venus
Australia
29 July 2008 150 Years of Australian Football
1 August 2008 Beijing Olympic Games ( part III)
5 August Aviation A380 (Qantas)
Bangladesh
6 July 29th Olympic Games Beijing, 4 v - TK 10, 15, 20, 25
11 July World Population Day
China
6 July 2008 China-India Joint issue
Jersey
24 June 2008 Visiting naval Vessels
23 August 2008 Jersey Festival of Speed
26 August 2008 Jersey Farm Animals
Pakistan
21 June 2008 55th Birth Anniversary of Late Mrs. Benazir Bhutto M/s – Rs. 20
Poland
1 June 2008 World of Toys –PLN 3, PLN 1.35
10 June 2008 Esfahan- the city of Polish Children- PLN 2.40
UK
17 July 2008 Air Displays- 5 V
The Lighter Side
Do you know?
§ Cats were used for a mail service in Liege, Belgium, in 1879. In all, 37 cats were employed to carry bundles of letters to villages within a 30km radius of the city centre. The experiment was short-lived as the cats proved to be thoroughly undisciplined.
§ The first Commonwealth Country to issue a stamp specifically for postage on Christmas greetings cards was Australia in 1957. The first stamps issued specifically for postage on Christmas greeting cards appeared in Austria in December 1937.
§ In 1932 a gang of three men operating a racket in bogus sweepstake tickets forged quantities of the 2d George V red and 2d Sydney Harbor Bridge stamps, using the former to mail out circulars. An Adelaide philatelist detected the forgery and notified police, who arrested all three men and seized 60,000 forged stamps.
§ Norway issues stamps with three names Norge, Noreg & Nogre. There is no set order for these names. They randomly appear on the issues of Norway. The reason behind it that different regional languages are spoken in Norway.
Here is the explanation by a person from Norway
“In Norway we have 2 main languages, both Norwegian. The main one is called BOKMAL and the other NYNORSK. Norge is Bokmal and Noreg is Nynorsk. I speak Bokmal. Nynorsk has a different accent ands some word is spelled different. We have a third minority language as well and that is SAMISK up north where the Lapps are living”
Blogs & Websites on Philately
http://www.stampsofindia.com/ – This is a complete site on Indian Stamps. Detailed information with images on new issues, special covers & postal stationery are available on this site. Besides this there is lot of reading material related with philately.
http://www.indianstampghar.com/ - This Blog gives details about new issues of India and other countries and other related information of the philatelic world.
http://www.filacapsule.blogspot.com/ – This is new Blog of Fila Capsule Newsletter, edited by Mr. Ajit Dash and published by Eastern India Philatelists’ Association, Bhubaneswar.
http://www.fdc4all.blogspot.com/ – This is the Blog by our reader Shri Shanti Swaroop Rath of Bhubaneswar. You will find lot of new information on FDCs of India & abroad.
http://www.shitalphilately.blogspot.com/ – This Blog is created by a philatelist from Sikkim. It is a Stamp News with full of new & interesting information from the world of stamps.
http://www.stamps4swap.blogspot.com/ – It’s a blog with new information on philately.
http://www.rainbowstampclub.blogspot.com/ – This is the newly introduced Blog to bring philatelists together on e- stamp club and share views with each other.
Editor’s Mail Box
Ilyas Patel, Ahmedabad
I have just gone through your mail attached with July news letter. In spite of my busy work schedule I could not control myself and gone through it instantly. It is decent, beautifully designed and very well documented with rich contents. Unfortunately I am not a hard core philatelist to devote such time to design such a decent newsletter. I once again congratulate you for your extra care and sincere efforts to bring out this news letter. Please keep it up. God bless you.
Sunil J Joseph, Kottayam (Kerala)
Wonderful Journal! It almost covers every nook & corner of Philately. I'm very much impressed. Keep up the good work, my fellow stamp mates.
Capt.Vijay Wadhwa, Ahmedabad
Your journal is excellent in quality and coverage both. I wish to place a suggestion to improve the network of philatelist and gain momentum on the similar lines of that of ATA-American Topical Association. Can You help create groups on all subjects of philately, including Thematics, postal stationery, Indian classics et al. Views from the members can be invited; blogs can be created with many more options.
ANIL K. SAXENA, GAYA (Bihar)
Please accept my congratulations. for your E-news, issue No.7 for July is in my hands, since beginning with Ist issue I get it regularly and keeping its hard copy for future generation reference. This is an excellent idea of having a bulletin like RAINBOW STAMP NEWS, on going through, backgrounds of various, philately bulletins/journals available in India except STAMPS OF INDIA, by Mr. Jhingan, not a single society/clubs has published their journal timely, some disappear. I am a stamp collector, and not a so called philatelist, from my childhood, and still collecting, at the age of 58 yrs. Your magazine is superb, as its name suggests RAINBOW; I find every color in it, its layout. It is full of news & views. I am sure this unique effort will grow with every issue, keep it all the best. Please provide, more write ups for beginners, as they are future of stamp collectors.
Shrikant Parikh, Ahmedabad
I really relish the Rainbow Newsletter, as well as Rainbow Stamp Club Blog. I may add that THESE are the News which are wanted and will be admired by modern philatelic circles. A positive change is welcome and you have done it gracefully. Possible. Many Congratulations.
Promotional section
· New issues on Gandhi, Taj & Unique exotic stamps from different postal administrations are available with Mr. Pradip Jain, Post Box No. 128, Mithapur, Patna-800001. E-Mail : philapradip@gmail.com PH: 0091-612-2215929 FAX: 0091-612-2238010 Mobile : 0091-93341 32162/ 0091-94310 03191
· Instant Auction Sale by Indian Thematic Society closing on August 7, 20 08. The auction material includes modern India and foreign thematic issues. E-mail : indianthematicsociety@gmail.com
Current Philatelic Magazines – Newsletters - Auction Catalogues
Stamps of India Collectors’ Companion- India’s first and most updated weekly e-newsletter edited by Madhukar and Savita Jhingan from Stamps of India, New Delhi. E-mail: mjhingan@yahoo.com Website: http://www.stampsofindia.com/
GPA News – May 2008 issue edited by Ilyas Ahmed Patel and published by Gujarat Philatelists’ Association, Ahmedabad.
E-Mail: iap_ip@yahoo.co.in & altoexim@yaahoo.co.in
Vadophil- April 2008 issue edited by Prashant H. Pandya & Timir R. Shah and published by Baroda Philatelic Society, Vadodara.
E-mail: Vadophil@indianphilately.net & trs_shah@rediffmail.com Website : www.geocities.com/vadophil/
Fila Capsule - May Jun 2008 edited by Ajit Kumar Dash & Published by Eastern India Philatelists’ Association, Bhubaneswar.
E-Mail: akdash2000@yahoo.com Also available on Blog : http://www.filacapsule.blogspot.com/
Stamps Today- Mar Apr 2008, Bimonthly Magazine edited & Published by Vijay H. Seth E-Mail: vijay_hseth@yahoo.co.in
Auction Catalogue- No. 22A- Mittal Stamp Co. Post Box No. 253, GPO, Jaipur-302001. E-Mail – mittalstamps@yahoo.com
RAINBOW STAMP CLUB
This is a blog on e-stamp Club http://www.rainbowstampclub.blogspot.com/ . The idea of this blog is to extend philatelic fraternity in all corners of the world. Readers may write about themselves with their collecting interests and share new ideas with other philatelists. Those who are interested may send brief write up with their photo in compressed format. It will be published on the blog with their e-mail id & Postal Address. Readers may also express their views on any philatelic matter which will be published under Club News at Rainbow Stamp Cub Blog. Philatelic Clubs and Societies may also send brief write ups. News about new issues of India and abroad and other information related with Philately are regularly posted on this blog. Readers may send reports on new issues, special covers, cancellations & philatelic activities of their area for inclusion in this Blog. - Editor
Courtesy- News and Image Resource to this issue - Stamps of India, Shrikant Parikh - Ahmedabad, Vinod Sabharwal - New Delhi, Pradip Jain - Patna
Attention Readers-
· For PDF Version of Rainbow Stamp News reply with the subject Subscribe Rainbow PDF
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Some men are born great, some achieve greatness- and some find speck on a stamp and greatness is thrust upon them.- From 'Green Isle Philately'
Till Next Month Happy Collecting…………………………………………………………
Rainbow Stamp News is edited and published monthly by Jeevan Jyoti, from Chopal, Distt- Shimla-171211 (H.P.) India.
